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Siege of Aleppo (1260)
The Siege of Aleppo lasted from 18 January 1260 to 24 January 1260.〔''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Ed. J. A. Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), 350.〕
After receiving the submission of Haran and Edessa, Hulagu Khan crossed the Euphrates, sacked Menbij and placed Aleppo under siege.〔Grousset, Rene, ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'', (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 361.〕 For six days the city was under siege. Assisted by catapults and mangonels, Mongol, Armenian and Frankish forces overran the entire city, except for the citadel which held out until 25 February and was demolished following its capitulation.〔Turnbull, Stephen R., ''Genghis Khan and the Mongol conquests, 1190-1400'', (Taylor & Francis, 2005), 60.〕 The ensuing massacre, that lasted six days, was methodical and thorough, in which nearly all Muslims and Jews were killed, though most of the women and children were sold into slavery.〔 Kagay, Donald J. and L. J. Andrew Villalon, ''Crusaders, condottieri, and cannon'', (BRILL, 2003), 137.〕 Also included in the destruction, was the burning of the Great Mosque of Aleppo.〔Riley-Smith, Jonathan Simon Christopher, Peter W. Edbury and Jonathan P. Phillips, ''The Experience of Crusading'', Vol. 1, (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 204.〕〔Grousset, 362.〕
Following the siege, Hulagu had some of Hethum's troops executed for burning the mosque,〔Riley-Smith, 204.〕 however, some sources state Bohemond VI of Antioch (leader of the Franks) personally saw to the mosque's destruction.〔 Asbridge, Thomas S., ''The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land'', (HarperCollins, 2010), 616.〕 Later, Hulagu Khan returned castles and districts to Hethum which had been taken by the Ayyubids.〔Grousset, 362.〕
==References==
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